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It is thought that around 12,000 years ago the Earth's climate became relatively milder or more temperate, allowing for a greater variety of plant life. Those early humans leading a nomadic life, who hunted and gathered food where they happened to find it, began to supplement their diet with wild grasses such as wheat and barley.
Noticing how discarded seeds and roots later germinated and sprouted may have been what decided the first farmers to settle down and cultivate crops. We know that farmers in the Stone Age had discovered pulses - beans, peas, lentils, and so on - which they mashed up and ate as a kind of porridge. Later they learnt to domesticate sheep and goats, developing tamer and manageable breeds of these and other animals. In addition to that, they also discovered how to use the process of fermentation for brewing and making bread.
It was some time later that farmers noticed that the amount of crops produced declined if they were always grown in the same ground and, by the 1st century, the Romans were alternating crops with pasture for grazing animals to restore the soil's fertility. This practice was followed in medieval England where the fields were divided into strips, planting cereals and vegetables, and the land left uncultivated one year in three.
