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In the late 1700s, Franz Joseph Gall founded what came to be known as phrenology- though it was originally called 'organology' - that ' science' of the size and shape of a person's cranium being a way to estimate character and mental abilities. It was a curious mixture of early psychology and neuroscience and as such pointed towards later research into those fields of human enquiry. Most people, however, think of it as simply a question of feeling the bumps on a person's head and have seen one of those models of the head that map out the various mental faculties, and consider it no more a valid science than astrology. Yet it was intended as a science of the mental faculties in general, and was on to something with its theory that each mental faculty is controlled by an organ in a particular part of the brain. That is to say he correctly guessed that there were many parts to the brain and that there was specialization in terms of the functions by those parts. Brain specialization is now a well-established fact. What Gall did not realize , though - and he couldn't reasonably be expected to - was that the function of each separate brain part is not independent but contributes to the workings of larger systems composed of those separate parts.
